What Is a Pinched Nerve?

A pinched nerve, also known as radiculopathy in medical terms, is a condition in which one or more nerves are compressed or “pinched” and unable to function properly. This happens when the nerve suffers from too much pressure caused by surrounding tissues, such as bones, muscles, cartilage and tendons.

Nerves function like electrical cables, transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord and the rest of the body. When they’re under pressure, it can lead to a variety of uncomfortable, and in some cases debilitating, symptoms. Aside from localized pain, nerve compression can also affect areas far from the source of the problem.

A pinched nerve is a common condition that affects approximately 85 out of every 100,000 adults in the United States every year. It can occur in any nerve outside the spinal cord, often in areas such as the neck, back, elbows and wrists. If left untreated, it can result in chronic pain or even permanent nerve damage.

What Are the Symptoms of a Pinched Nerve?

Understanding the symptoms, causes and available treatments is crucial to managing a pinched nerve. One of its most recognizable symptoms is pain — specifically, a sharp, burning or aching pain that radiates along the path of the affected nerve. For example, a pinched nerve in the neck may cause pain that travels down the arm. Meanwhile, a pinched nerve in the lower back (often called sciatica) might send shooting pain down the leg.

Other symptoms of a pinched nerve include:

• Numbness or decreased sensation: This is often felt in the areas served by the pinched nerve. The decrease in sensation can range from mild tingling to complete numbness.
• Pins and needles: Also known as “tingling,” this sensation often accompanies nerve compression. It creates an uncomfortable, prickling feeling in the affected area.
• Muscle weakness: Depending on the nerve involved, there may be weakness in the muscles, especially in cases of long-standing compression.
• Feeling like a limb is “asleep”: Many people experience this sensation after sitting in an awkward position for too long. When there is nerve compression, it can persist for extended periods.
• Burning sensation or pain: The pain can be sharp or dull, and is often felt along the path of the nerve.

Common Causes of a Pinched Nerve

Several factors can contribute to a pinched nerve, but some are more common than others:

1. Herniated discs: The spine consists of bones (vertebrae) separated by soft, cushiony discs that act as shock absorbers. When one of these discs slips or ruptures, it can press on nearby nerves, causing pain and other symptoms.
2. Bone spurs: Conditions like osteoarthritis can lead to the development of bone spurs or small, bony projections that can form around joints. These spurs can compress nerves, especially in the spine.
3. Repetitive motions or overuse injuries: Certain activities, such as typing or using handheld devices for extended periods, can cause inflammation or swelling in tissues that compress nerves, especially in the wrists or elbows.
4. Injury: Direct trauma, such as a fall, can lead to nerve compression. Less severe injuries, like those caused by repetitive strain or poor posture, can also gradually worsen over time.
5. Rheumatoid arthritis: This autoimmune condition can inflame the tissues around joints, leading to swelling and compression of nearby nerves.
6. Obesity: Carrying excess weight places additional pressure on the body’s joints and nerves, increasing the risk of nerve compression.
7. Prolonged positions: Holding one position for too long, such as crossing your legs or leaning on your elbows, can lead to a pinched nerve. This is often temporary but can become chronic over time if the habit continues.

How Are Pinched Nerves Diagnosed?

Diagnosing a pinched nerve typically begins with a physical examination. A healthcare professional will assess the affected area by checking your reflexes, muscle strength and sensation. Advanced tests may also be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and determine the exact location and severity of the nerve compression. These tests may include:

• Imaging tests: An MRI or CT scan can provide detailed images of soft tissues, including nerves, discs, and muscles, to detect compression or injury. X-rays may also be used to rule out other conditions, such as fractures or bone spurs.
• Nerve Conduction Studies: This test measures the electrical impulses in your nerves to assess whether there is any delay or block in the signal caused by a pinched nerve.
• Electromyography (EMG): EMG evaluates the electrical activity in muscles, which can help determine if a pinched nerve is affecting muscle function.

Many cases of pinched nerves can resolve on their own. However, if you suspect you have a pinched nerve and have been experiencing symptoms that last for several days, seeking professional care is advisable. Consulting a doctor is also recommended if you experience persisting pain that doesn’t go away with over-the-counter medication or self-care measures.

Treatment Options for a Pinched Nerve

Once diagnosed, the treatment plan will depend on the severity of the condition. Fortunately, many cases of pinched nerves can be treated with non-invasive methods.

What Are the Treatment Options for Pinched Nerves?

Upon diagnosis, your doctor may recommend a treatment plan based on the severity of the condition. Fortunately, many cases of pinched nerves can be treated with non-invasive methods. Some of the most common treatment options for pinched nerves are:

1. Rest: The simplest and often most effective treatment for pinched nerves is rest. Avoid aggravating activities and positions that may irritate the nerve to give it time to heal naturally.
2. Medications: Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Two commonly used NSAIDs for pinched nerves are ibuprofen and naproxen. For severe conditions, corticosteroids may be prescribed to alleviate swelling and pressure around the nerve.
3. Physical therapy: Stretching and exercise can help relieve pressure on the nerve and strengthen the muscles supporting the affected area. A physical therapist can design a program tailored to your needs to reduce pain and improve mobility.
4. Ergonomic adjustments: If poor posture or repetitive strain is the cause, making adjustments to your workspace or daily habits can relieve symptoms. For example, using ergonomic chairs and keyboards or changing sleeping positions can reduce nerve strain.
5. Corticosteroid injections: In some cases, your doctor may recommend injecting corticosteroids directly into the affected area to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms quickly.
6. Surgery: If there is significant nerve damage or conservative treatments don’t relieve symptoms, surgery may be necessary to ease nerve compression. This could involve removing a herniated disc or trimming bone spurs.

How to Prevent a Pinched Nerve

While not all cases of pinched nerves can be prevented, you can reduce your risk with some lifestyle and habit changes, such as:

• Maintaining good posture: Keeping your spine in proper alignment reduces the risk of nerve compression. Whether sitting or standing, ensure your back is well-supported and aligned.
• Exercising regularly: Strengthening the muscles, particularly those around the spine and core, can help support the body and prevent nerve compression. Stretching also improves flexibility and reduces muscle tightness.
• Creating well-designed workspaces: If you spend long hours at a desk, using ergonomic equipment can minimize strain on your neck, wrists and back. Adjust your chair, keyboard and screen to improve blood circulation and help decrease pain.
• Maintaining a healthy weight: Excess weight can increase pressure on your spine and joints, making it more likely for nerves to become compressed.
• Taking frequent breaks: Whether you’re sitting at a desk or engaging in repetitive activities, taking regular breaks to stretch and move around can reduce strain on your body and nerves.
• Avoiding repetitive strain: If your job or hobby involves repetitive motions, try to vary your tasks or incorporate exercises that target different muscle groups to reduce the risk of nerve compression.

The Importance of Accurate Diagnosis

Depending on the location and duration of the compression, a pinched nerve can cause discomfort that ranges from mild to severely debilitating. Understanding the symptoms, causes and treatment options can help you take steps to relieve pain and restore function if you’re affected. Adjusting your posture, work habits and lifestyle significantly reduces the risk of developing a pinched nerve.

If you suspect a pinched nerve, it’s always best to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan. Early intervention can prevent long-term damage and help you return to your normal activities pain-free.

Learn More About Pinched Nerves From the Experts

Desert Institute for Spine Care is a pioneering spine center dedicated to the correct diagnosis and effective treatment of pinched nerves and other spine issues. Our specialists are some of the best in the field, and they prioritize minimally invasive treatments to help patients restore their lifestyles. Schedule an appointment with our spine experts and learn how you can manage and recover from pinched nerves.